framester.owl
type: Ontology
imports: semiotics.owl
imports: schema.owl
imports: specialization.owl
imports: schema
imports: http://babelnet.org/rdf/
imports: descriptionandsituation.owl
imports: own2dul.owl
imports: vnschema31.owl
version info: 1.0, 19-04-2016 by Aldo Gangemi
comment: The schema for Framester data. It also aligns the OWL schemas for WordNet, VerbNet, FrameNet, BabelNet, etc., using the descriptionandsituation.owl and semiotics.owl ontology design patterns. It is also compatible (and aligned) to Lemon and Ontolex-Lemon.

ontoType
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedMeaning
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: UnaryProjection
range: OntologyClass
comment: The relation between unary projections of a frame, and their ontological type.

BinaryProjection
type: Class
subclass of: FrameProjection
comment: Any binary projection of a frame relation: properties, roles, tropes, etc. Assuming frame semantics, each meaning consists of activated frames, whose formal counterparts are multigrade relations. When only a relation between two arguments of the multigrade predicate is considered, it can be formalized as a binary projection of a frame relation.

CoParticipationRelation
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryProjection
subclass of: OntologyProperty
comment: Any binary projection of a frame relation involving arguments other than the frame situation, e.g. a 'buys' relation between a buyer and a product.

ConceptualFrame
type: Class
subclass of: Frame
comment: Frames as intended by Fillmore's frame semantics: the basic elements of semantic intepretation of natural language, independent from a specific lexicon (but not necessarily from a specific culture), necessarily evoked by any word, typically associated with a real world occurrence (situation) when evoked. When considered as multigrade predicates (n-ary relations, with role places and value positions within places), frame elements are binary projections of a multigrade predicate, where the first argument of the projection is always the (reified) event or situation occurring wrt to the evoked frame.

DataFrame
type: Class
subclass of: Frame
comment: Frames extracted from data structures, typically based on graph measures.

EncyclopedicFrame
type: Class
subclass of: Frame
comment: Frames extracted from link structures, typically based on graph measures, e.g. the patterns emerging out of the analysis of Wikipedia links when interpreted on the basis of the types of entities described in its pages.

Frame
type: Class
subclass of: Description
subclass of: Meaning
subclass of: Thing
comment: The main class of the Framester schema. It is fully compliant to framenet:Frame, but extends it by providing alignments to the D&S and Semiotics ontology design patterns, and novel elements to deal with incomplete framal predicates, non-conceptual frames, etc. In the dual frame semantics implemented here by means of OWL2 punning, each frame instance is also a subclass of the fschema:FrameOccurrence class.

FrameOccurrence
type: Class
subclass of: Situation
subclass of: Thing
comment: The occurrence of a frame, i.e. a 'frame situation'. Its automatic classification under a frame is not trivial, since a frame is a reification of a multigrade predicate, and its semantic roles can be more or less required for a frame to be instantiated. When applicable, OWL keys can be used to express the minimal conditions, under which a frame class can be instantiated into a FrameOccurrence. Frame can be also (extensionally) represented as subclasses of FrameOccurrence.

FrameProjection
type: Class
subclass of: Meaning
subclass of: Thing
comment: Any projection of a frame relation: senses, synsets, types, classes, properties, roles, kinds, concepts, sorts, etc. Assuming frame semantics, each meaning consists of activated frames, whose formal counterparts are multigrade relations. When only an aspect of that frame is considered, it can be formalized as a (typically unary or binary) projection of a frame relation.

GenericRole
type: Class
subclass of: SemanticRole
comment: A generic role, acting as a top-level entity (global subsumer) for any semantic role coming from existing or novel resources. It is intended to provide a hub for role interoperability, as well as for assigning frames to roles as well, in order to abstract out a purely framal representation from neo-Davidsonian sentence parses.

LexicalFrame
type: Class
subclass of: Frame
comment: Lexicalized frames.

MicroFrame
type: Class
subclass of: Frame
comment: Frames extracted from microdata, templates, infoboxes, etc. E.g. embedded JSON-LD, Microformat, schema.org, emerging RDFa patterns.

OntologyProperty
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryProjection
subclass of: OntologyEntity
comment: A binary relation from an existing ontology or schema. The frame semantics assumption here is that each ontology property is a projection of an underlying multigrade predicate that corresponds to the conceptualization of the predicate. E.g. a 'part of' relation between body parts can be the binary projection of a Part-Whole frame specialized for organic body parts (notice that the multigrade predicate may also involve time, location, manner of being connected, functional dependencies, etc.).

SchemaFrame
type: Class
subclass of: Frame
comment: Frames extracted from relational data schemas or ontology schemas.

SemanticRole
type: Class
subclass of: BinaryProjection
subclass of: OntologyProperty
comment: A binary projection from a frame (considered as a multigrade predicate), whose first argument is always a frame situation (a 'target' denotation in FrameNet terminology). Semantic roles are not necessarily bound to syntactic valences or specific lexicalizations. Each role can also be seen as an (intensional) individual concept defined by a Frame (D&S style).

SemanticType
type: Class
subclass of: UnaryProjection
comment: Any type from either lexica or ontologies, which are not explicitly declared as tropes (i.e. as unary projections of a known frame). However, from the perspective of frame semantics, types are unary projections either, because their conceptualization depends on a (usually implicit) multigrade predicate. E.g. the 'Propeller' of a boat is a unary projection of a 'Boat Propelling' frame. This is a typical trope, but even 'Boat' (which is hardly considered a trope) can be a unary projection of e.g. a 'Boat Navigation' frame, be it explicit or not. In other words, the frame dependence of a semantic type is 'external' to the argument it is applied in a frame: FrameNet semantic types, VerbNet selectional restrictions, WordNet synsets, schema classes, are all unary projection of frames that are independent from the frame they can be used upon. For example, if I use wn:synset-boat-1 to type the theme role of a Shipyard frame, the main multigrade predicate for wn:synset-boat-1 is still Boat Navigation. On the contrary, Propeller is typically applied to the Boat Propelling frame.

SenseFrame
type: Class
subclass of: LexicalFrame
comment: Frames evoked by specific (senses of) words.

SynsetFrame
type: Class
subclass of: LexicalFrame
comment: Frames evoked by any (sense of a) word from a collection of words characterized by equivalent senses.

Trope
type: Class
subclass of: OntologyProperty
subclass of: UnaryProjection
comment: Any reification of an instance of a frame projection, e.g. Barack_Obama career station from 2012 to 2016, Barack_Obama as President of USA. It is typical of trope-based approaches to n-ary relation representation, such as fluent representation of (Welty and Fikes, 2006). Pragmatically, they can be represented as (intensional) projections, (extensional) classes, and (extensional) properties that specialize more general roles, e.g. wn30instances:synset-charger-noun-2 is a trope of the frame framestersyn:Charge.v.24, which can also express a class conceptualizing the range of the semantic role verbnountropes:result when used with that frame, but it can be used more easily as a subproperty of verbnountropes:result, and declared to have framestersyn:Charge.v.24 (i.e. a frame situation interpreted as an owl:Class) as domain, and a selectional restriction as range.

UnaryProjection
type: Class
subclass of: Concept
subclass of: FrameProjection
comment: Any unary projection of a frame relation: senses, synsets, types, classes, kinds, concepts, sorts, etc. Assuming frame semantics, each meaning consists of activated frames, whose formal counterparts are multigrade predicates. When only one aspect of that predicate is considered, it can be formalized as a unary projection of a frame relation.

SenseRelation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: relates
  qualified cardinality: 2
  on class: LexicalSense