The schema for Framester data. It also aligns the OWL schemas for WordNet, VerbNet, FrameNet, BabelNet, Propbank, Preposition Ontology, etc., using the descriptionandsituation.owl and semiotics.owl ontology design patterns. It is also compatible (and aligned) to Lemon and Ontolex-Lemon.
1.7, 02-01-2021 by Aldo Gangemi. Added relations and alignments for intensional compositionality, and updated some relatedMeaning relations as subsumption or compositionality relations
1.6, 01-29-2021 by Aldo Gangemi. Added the TropeType class, and fixed tropes and trope roles, with more detailed comments; fixed some namespace issues; fixed Propbank ontology; fixed VerbNet3.1 subontology and some data; fixed Preposition Project Ontology in OWL
1.5, 01-20-2021 by Aldo Gangemi (added VerbNet schema import, defined new relation for unary selections over binary projections)
1.4, 10-05-2017 by Aldo Gangemi (added PropBank and Preposition Project schemas, and their alignment)
1.3, 25-04-2017 by Aldo Gangemi (added :playsRoleIn property for individual evocation)
1.2, 06-02-2017 by Aldo Gangemi (corrected property taxonomy)
1.1, 25-01-2017 by Aldo Gangemi (added basic alignment of Preposition Project)
1.0, 19-04-2016 by Aldo Gangemi
A projection relation used as a superproperty for all binary relations between a frame and its roles, or between any two roles of that frame.
An intensional relation holding between two semantic roles r1 and r2 of a frame.
Two participants x and y in a frame f may play r1 and r2 respectively in f, and because of that, they will have a specific extensional relation. E.g. for a frame Buy there may be two roles Place.buy and Goods.buy, and an extensional relation placeToBuyGoods(x,y) could be defined, thanks to the coparticipation relation holding for Place.buy and Goods.buy.
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-30T16:46:58Z
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-30T16:37:39Z
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-30T16:51:55Z
Any projection of a reified multigrade predicate. In practice, any predicate holding for a subset of the arguments of the multigrade one.
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-30T13:52:39Z
A generic relation for all classifications/categorizations by subject, topic, domain, etc.
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-30T16:27:49Z
An intensional version of rdf:type, instanceOf, set membership, etc.
It os useful to generalize lexical and formal relations holding between individuals and concepts.
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-31T22:42:36Z
A generic relation for all kinds of intensional composition: boolean intersection and union, set builders, lexico-semantic modification, Fillmore's and Minsky's frame constructs, D&S description/concept relations, Turner and Fauconnier's blendings and amalgams, metaphorical mappings, distributional associations (or 'similarity'), etc.
A composed intension has at least two component intensions, and an operator, which should inform about the properties (either static or dynamic) of the composition. Such operator can be simply encoded by subsuming the generic component relation (e.g. ':intersectionOf rdfs:subPropertyOf :component), and then appropriate axioms can be added to represent the compositional properties. In practice, things can be complicated.
Boolean compositional operators have very well known properties based on extensional semantics, e.g. AND creates a new intension that results from the co-existence of multiple predications on an intersection set between the sets corresponding to the extensional interpretations of components' extensions.
However, even with this simple composition, there are known problems, e.g. when AND only holds for the intended intension, cf. non-intersective cases from adjective semantics: 'John is a skilful physician' does not imply that John is skilful in general.
With operators whose properties are less known, e.g. with the direct noun-noun lexical modification 'virus spreading', we need to know how the Virus and Spreading frames are composed during communication. We know that there is a role mapping, but the mathematical rules of those mappings are usually unknown, besides distributional evidence, which only gives us empirical evidence of regularities at the symbol level.
While there are ongoing attempts at formalising some compositional operators with mathematical institutions and category theory, we are still far from a convincing understanding of the general cognitive properties of intensional compositionality.
For those reasons, this relation is mainly a placeholder for more specific theories that approximate cognitive compositional computation.
Aldo Gangemi
2021-02-01T17:08:23Z
The relation between unary projections of a frame, and their ontological type, when given explicitly as a class in a knowledge representation language. It is a special case of the :subsumedUnder reification of subclass relation.
A shortcut relation for expressing that (the name of) an individual classified by a type, which is a unary projection of a frame, 'evokes' that frame. E.g. a specific soccer player can evoke the Soccer frame, since (s)he plays a role that is a projection in the Soccer frame.
An intensional relation holding for frames and roles, e.g. a Judgment frame has a Judge semantic role.
A relation used to express that a frame has a unary projection.
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-30T12:05:54Z
A unary projection, whose semantics derives from the lexical selection assumed as a type for the range of values of a semantic role.
Its domain is :BinaryProjection, and not :Frame, since its range is bound to the role, besides being a unary projection of a frame.
2
Any binary projection of a frame relation: properties, roles, tropes, etc.
Assuming frame semantics, each meaning consists of activated frames, whose formal counterparts are multigrade relations.
When only a relation between two arguments of the multigrade predicate is considered, it can be formalized as a binary projection of a frame relation.
Any binary projection of a frame relation involving arguments other than the frame situation, e.g. a 'buys' relation between a buyer and a product.
2
Aldo Gangemi
2021-01-31T22:44:51Z
Frames as intended by Fillmore's frame semantics: the basic elements of semantic intepretation of natural language, independent from a specific lexicon (but not necessarily from a specific culture), necessarily evoked by any word, typically associated with a real world occurrence (situation) when evoked.
When considered as multigrade predicates (n-ary relations, with role places and value positions within places), frame elements are binary projections of a multigrade predicate, where the first argument of the projection is always the (reified) event or situation occurring wrt to the evoked frame.
Frames extracted from data structures, typically based on graph measures.
Frames extracted from link structures, typically based on graph measures, e.g. the patterns emerging out of the analysis of Wikipedia links when interpreted on the basis of the types of entities described in its pages.
The main class of the Framester schema. It is fully compliant to framenet:Frame, but extends it by providing alignments to the D&S and Semiotics ontology design patterns, and novel elements to deal with incomplete framal predicates, non-conceptual frames, etc.
In the dual frame semantics implemented here by means of OWL2 punning, each frame instance is also a subclass of the fschema:FrameOccurrence class.
The occurrence of a frame, i.e. a 'frame situation'.
Its automatic classification under a frame is not trivial, since a frame is a reification of a multigrade predicate, and its semantic roles can be more or less required for a frame to be instantiated.
When applicable, OWL keys can be used to express the minimal conditions, under which a frame class can be instantiated into a FrameOccurrence.
Frame can be also (extensionally) represented as subclasses of FrameOccurrence.
Any projection of a frame relation: senses, synsets, types, classes, properties, roles, kinds, concepts, sorts, etc.
Assuming frame semantics, each meaning consists of activated frames, whose formal counterparts are multigrade relations.
When only an aspect of that frame is considered, it can be formalized as a (typically unary or binary) projection of a frame relation.
A generic role, acting as a top-level entity (global subsumer) for any semantic role coming from existing or novel resources. It is intended to provide a hub for role interoperability, as well as for assigning frames to roles as well, in order to abstract out a purely framal representation from neo-Davidsonian sentence parses.
Lexicalized frames.
Frames extracted from microdata, templates, infoboxes, etc. E.g. embedded JSON-LD, Microformat, schema.org, emerging RDFa patterns.
A binary relation from an existing ontology or schema.
The frame semantics assumption here is that each ontology property is a projection of an underlying multigrade predicate that corresponds to the conceptualization of the predicate. E.g. a 'part of' relation between body parts can be the binary projection of a Part-Whole frame specialized for organic body parts (notice that the multigrade predicate may also involve time, location, manner of being connected, functional dependencies, etc.).
Frames extracted from relational data schemas or ontology schemas.
A binary projection from a frame (considered as a multigrade predicate), whose first argument is always a frame situation (a 'target' denotation in FrameNet terminology). Semantic roles are not necessarily bound to syntactic valences or specific lexicalizations.
Each role can also be seen as an (intensional) individual concept defined by a Frame (D&S style).
Any type from either lexica or ontologies, which are not explicitly declared as tropes (i.e. as unary projections of a known frame).
However, from the perspective of frame semantics, types are unary projections either, because their conceptualization depends on a (usually implicit) multigrade predicate.
E.g. the 'Propeller' of a boat is a unary projection of a 'Boat Propelling' frame. This is a typical trope, but even 'Boat' (which is hardly considered a trope) can be a unary projection of e.g. a 'Boat Navigation' frame, be it explicit or not.
In other words, the frame dependence of a semantic type is 'external' to the argument it is applied in a frame: FrameNet semantic types, VerbNet selectional restrictions, WordNet synsets, schema classes, are all unary projection of frames that are independent from the frame they can be used upon.
For example, if I use wn:synset-boat-1 to type the theme role of a Shipyard frame, the main multigrade predicate for wn:synset-boat-1 is still Boat Navigation. On the contrary, Propeller is typically applied to the Boat Propelling frame.
Frames evoked by specific (senses of) words.
Frames evoked by any (sense of a) word from a collection of words characterized by equivalent senses.
Any reification of an instance of a frame projection, e.g. Barack_Obama career station from 2012 to 2016 (as applied in DBPedia), Barack_Obama as President of US, etc.
It is typical of trope-based approaches to n-ary relation representation, such as fluent representation of (Welty and Fikes, 2006).
They can be considered as (perspectivised) situations, but also known as qua-entities, fluents, etc.
Following the trailing example, Barack_Obama as President of US reifies the 'president' TropeRole (a binary projection of the US President frame) played by Barack Obama, and can be an instance of the 'President' TropeType (a unary projection of the US President frame).
A unary projection resulting from the intensional reification of a binary projection.
E.g. wn30instances:synset-charger-noun-2 is a trope type of the frame framestersyn:Charge.v.24, expressing the class of entities having the the semantic role wntroperole:instrument when used with that frame.The 'charger' TropeType is said to intensionally reify the 'instrument' TropeRole for the Charge.v.24 frame.
A TropeType can be instatiated by a situation (Trope), encompassing actual entities seen as playing a TropeRole in a certain frame, e.g. the charger of my mobile phone in this period (Trope) is an instance of the 'charger' TropeType.
Any unary projection of a frame relation: senses, synsets, types, classes, kinds, concepts, sorts, etc.
Assuming frame semantics, each meaning consists of activated frames, whose formal counterparts are multigrade predicates.
When only one role of that predicate is considered, it can be formalized as a unary projection of a frame relation.
This projection class is used as a superclass for all unary projetions (concepts, classes, tropes, etc.) conceptualised as types of values for a semantic role of a frame.